File: System\Data\Entity\Design\PluralizationService\EnglishPluralizationService.cs
Project: ndp\fx\src\DataEntityDesign\Design\System.Data.Entity.Design.csproj (System.Data.Entity.Design)
//---------------------------------------------------------------------
// <copyright file="EnglishPluralizationService.cs" company="Microsoft">
//      Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
// </copyright>
//
// @owner       Microsoft
// @backupOwner Microsoft
//---------------------------------------------------------------------
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Data.Entity.Design.Common;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
 
namespace System.Data.Entity.Design.PluralizationServices
{
    [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Naming", "CA1704:IdentifiersShouldBeSpelledCorrectly", MessageId = "Pluralization")]
    internal class EnglishPluralizationService : PluralizationService, ICustomPluralizationMapping
    {
        private BidirectionalDictionary<string, string> _userDictionary;
        private StringBidirectionalDictionary _irregularPluralsPluralizationService;
        private StringBidirectionalDictionary _assimilatedClassicalInflectionPluralizationService;
        private StringBidirectionalDictionary _oSuffixPluralizationService;
        private StringBidirectionalDictionary _classicalInflectionPluralizationService;
        private StringBidirectionalDictionary _irregularVerbPluralizationService;
        private StringBidirectionalDictionary _wordsEndingWithSePluralizationService;
        private StringBidirectionalDictionary _wordsEndingWithSisPluralizationService;
        private StringBidirectionalDictionary _wordsEndingWithSusPluralizationService;
        private StringBidirectionalDictionary _wordsEndingWithInxAnxYnxPluralizationService;
 
        private List<string> _knownSingluarWords;
        private List<string> _knownPluralWords;
 
        private string[] _uninflectiveSuffixList =
            new string[] { "fish", "ois", "sheep", "deer", "pos", "itis", "ism" };
 
        private string[] _uninflectiveWordList =
            new string[] { 
                "bison", "flounder", "pliers", "bream", "gallows", "proceedings", 
                "breeches", "graffiti", "rabies", "britches", "headquarters", "salmon", 
                "carp", "----", "scissors", "ch----is", "high-jinks", "sea-bass", 
                "clippers", "homework", "series", "cod", "innings", "shears", "contretemps", 
                "jackanapes", "species", "corps", "mackerel", "swine", "debris", "measles", 
                "trout", "diabetes", "mews", "tuna", "djinn", "mumps", "whiting", "eland", 
                "news", "wildebeest", "elk", "pincers", "police", "hair", "ice", "chaos",
                "milk", "cotton", "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis",
                "information", "aircraft", "scabies", "traffic", "corn", "millet", "rice", 
				"hay", "----", "tobacco", "cabbage", "okra", "broccoli", "asparagus", 
				"lettuce", "beef", "pork", "venison", "mutton",  "cattle", "offspring", 
				"molasses", "shambles", "shingles"};
 
        private Dictionary<string, string> _irregularVerbList =
            new Dictionary<string, string>()
            {
                {"am", "are"}, {"are", "are"}, {"is", "are"}, {"was", "were"}, {"were", "were"}, 
                {"has", "have"}, {"have", "have"}
            };
 
        private List<string> _pronounList =
            new List<string>()
                {
                    "I", "we", "you", "he", "she", "they", "it",
                    "me", "us", "him", "her", "them", 
                    "myself", "ourselves", "yourself", "himself", "herself", "itself",
                    "oneself", "oneselves", 
                    "my", "our", "your", "his", "their", "its",
                    "mine", "yours", "hers", "theirs", "this", "that", "these", "those", 
                    "all", "another", "any", "anybody", "anyone", "anything", "both", "each", 
                    "other", "either", "everyone", "everybody", "everything", "most", "much", "nothing",
                    "nobody", "none", "one", "others", "some", "somebody", "someone", "something",
                    "what", "whatever", "which", "whichever", "who", "whoever", "whom", "whomever",
                    "whose", 
                };
 
        private Dictionary<string, string> _irregularPluralsDictionary =
            new Dictionary<string, string>()
                {
                    {"brother", "brothers"}, {"child", "children"},
                    {"cow", "cows"}, {"ephemeris", "ephemerides"}, {"genie", "genies"}, 
                    {"money", "moneys"}, {"mongoose", "mongooses"}, {"mythos", "mythoi"}, 
                    {"octopus", "octopuses"}, {"ox", "oxen"}, {"soliloquy", "soliloquies"}, 
                    {"trilby", "trilbys"}, {"crisis", "crises"}, {"synopsis","synopses"},  
                    {"rose", "roses"}, {"gas","gases"}, {"bus", "buses"},
                    {"axis", "axes"},{"memo", "memos"}, {"casino","casinos"},
                    {"silo", "silos"},{"stereo", "stereos"}, {"studio","studios"},
                    {"lens", "lenses"}, {"alias","aliases"},
                    {"pie","pies"}, {"corpus","corpora"},
                    {"viscus", "viscera"},{"hippopotamus", "hippopotami"}, {"trace", "traces"},
                    {"person", "people"}, {"chili", "chilies"}, {"analysis", "analyses"}, 
                    {"basis", "bases"}, {"neurosis", "neuroses"}, {"oasis", "oases"}, 
                    {"synthesis", "syntheses"}, {"thesis", "theses"}, {"change", "changes"}, 
                    {"lie", "lies"}, {"calorie", "calories"}, {"freebie", "freebies"}, {"case", "cases"},
                    {"house", "houses"}, {"valve", "valves"}, {"cloth", "clothes"}, {"tie", "ties"}, 
                    {"movie", "movies"}, {"bonus", "bonuses"}, {"specimen", "specimens"}
                };
 
        Dictionary<string, string> _assimilatedClassicalInflectionDictionary =
                    new Dictionary<string, string>()
                    {
                        {"alumna", "alumnae"}, {"alga", "algae"}, {"vertebra", "vertebrae"}, 
                        {"codex", "codices"}, 
                        {"murex", "murices"}, {"silex", "silices"}, {"aphelion", "aphelia"}, 
                        {"hyperbaton", "hyperbata"}, {"perihelion", "perihelia"}, 
                        {"asyndeton", "asyndeta"}, {"noumenon", "noumena"}, 
                        {"phenomenon", "phenomena"}, {"criterion", "criteria"}, {"organon", "organa"}, 
                        {"prolegomenon", "prolegomena"}, {"agendum", "agenda"}, {"datum", "data"}, 
                        {"extremum", "extrema"}, {"bacterium", "bacteria"}, {"desideratum", "desiderata"}, 
                        {"stratum", "strata"}, {"candelabrum", "candelabra"}, {"erratum", "errata"}, 
                        {"ovum", "ova"}, {"forum", "fora"}, {"addendum", "addenda"},  {"stadium", "stadia"}, 
                        {"automaton", "automata"}, {"polyhedron", "polyhedra"}, 
                    };
 
        Dictionary<string, string> _oSuffixDictionary =
                    new Dictionary<string, string>()
                    {
                        {"albino", "albinos"}, {"generalissimo", "generalissimos"}, 
                        {"manifesto", "manifestos"}, {"archipelago", "archipelagos"}, 
                        {"ghetto", "ghettos"}, {"medico", "medicos"}, {"armadillo", "armadillos"}, 
                        {"guano", "guanos"}, {"octavo", "octavos"}, {"commando", "commandos"}, 
                        {"inferno", "infernos"}, {"photo", "photos"}, {"ditto", "dittos"}, 
                        {"jumbo", "jumbos"}, {"pro", "pros"}, {"dynamo", "dynamos"}, 
                        {"lingo", "lingos"}, {"quarto", "quartos"}, {"embryo", "embryos"}, 
                        {"lumbago", "lumbagos"}, {"rhino", "rhinos"}, {"fiasco", "fiascos"}, 
                        {"magneto", "magnetos"}, {"stylo", "stylos"}
                    };
 
        Dictionary<string, string> _classicalInflectionDictionary =
                    new Dictionary<string, string>()
                    {
                        {"stamen", "stamina"}, {"foramen", "foramina"}, {"lumen", "lumina"}, 
                        {"anathema", "anathemata"}, {"----", "----ta"}, {"oedema", "oedemata"}, 
                        {"bema", "bemata"}, {"enigma", "enigmata"}, {"sarcoma", "sarcomata"}, 
                        {"carcinoma", "carcinomata"}, {"gumma", "gummata"}, {"schema", "schemata"}, 
                        {"charisma", "charismata"}, {"lemma", "lemmata"}, {"soma", "somata"}, 
                        {"diploma", "diplomata"}, {"lymphoma", "lymphomata"}, {"stigma", "stigmata"}, 
                        {"dogma", "dogmata"}, {"magma", "magmata"}, {"stoma", "stomata"}, 
                        {"drama", "dramata"}, {"melisma", "melismata"}, {"trauma", "traumata"}, 
                        {"edema", "edemata"}, {"miasma", "miasmata"}, {"abscissa", "abscissae"}, 
                        {"formula", "formulae"}, {"medusa", "medusae"}, {"amoeba", "amoebae"}, 
                        {"hydra", "hydrae"}, {"nebula", "nebulae"}, {"antenna", "antennae"}, 
                        {"hyperbola", "hyperbolae"}, {"nova", "novae"}, {"aurora", "aurorae"}, 
                        {"lacuna", "lacunae"}, {"parabola", "parabolae"}, {"apex", "apices"}, 
                        {"latex", "latices"}, {"vertex", "vertices"}, {"cortex", "cortices"}, 
                        {"pontifex", "pontifices"}, {"vortex", "vortices"}, {"index", "indices"}, 
                        {"simplex", "simplices"}, {"iris", "irides"}, {"----oris", "----orides"}, 
                        {"alto", "alti"}, {"contralto", "contralti"}, {"soprano", "soprani"}, 
                        {"b----o", "b----i"}, {"crescendo", "crescendi"}, {"tempo", "tempi"}, 
                        {"canto", "canti"}, {"solo", "soli"}, {"aquarium", "aquaria"}, 
                        {"interregnum", "interregna"}, {"quantum", "quanta"}, 
                        {"compendium", "compendia"}, {"lustrum", "lustra"}, {"rostrum", "rostra"}, 
                        {"consortium", "consortia"}, {"maximum", "maxima"}, {"spectrum", "spectra"}, 
                        {"cranium", "crania"}, {"medium", "media"}, {"speculum", "specula"}, 
                        {"curriculum", "curricula"}, {"memorandum", "memoranda"}, {"stadium", "stadia"}, 
                        {"dictum", "dicta"}, {"millenium", "millenia"}, {"t----zium", "t----zia"}, 
                        {"emporium", "emporia"}, {"minimum", "minima"}, {"ultimatum", "ultimata"}, 
                        {"enconium", "enconia"}, {"momentum", "momenta"}, {"vacuum", "vacua"}, 
                        {"gymnasium", "gymnasia"}, {"optimum", "optima"}, {"velum", "vela"}, 
                        {"honorarium", "honoraria"}, {"phylum", "phyla"}, {"focus", "foci"}, 
                        {"nimbus", "nimbi"}, {"succubus", "succubi"}, {"fungus", "fungi"}, 
                        {"nucleolus", "nucleoli"}, {"torus", "tori"}, {"genius", "genii"}, 
                        {"radius", "radii"}, {"umbilicus", "umbilici"}, {"incubus", "incubi"}, 
                        {"stylus", "styli"}, {"uterus", "uteri"}, {"stimulus", "stimuli"}, {"apparatus", "apparatus"}, 
                        {"impetus", "impetus"}, {"prospectus", "prospectus"}, {"cantus", "cantus"}, 
                        {"nexus", "nexus"}, {"sinus", "sinus"}, {"coitus", "coitus"}, {"plexus", "plexus"}, 
                        {"status", "status"}, {"hiatus", "hiatus"}, {"afreet", "afreeti"}, 
                        {"afrit", "afriti"}, {"efreet", "efreeti"}, {"cherub", "cherubim"}, 
                        {"goy", "goyim"}, {"seraph", "seraphim"}, {"alumnus", "alumni"}
                    };
 
        // this list contains all the plural words that being treated as singluar form, for example, "they" -> "they"
        private List<string> _knownConflictingPluralList =
            new List<string>()
            {
                "they", "them", "their", "have", "were", "yourself", "are"
            };
 
        // this list contains the words ending with "se" and we special case these words since 
        // we need to add a rule for "ses" singularize to "s"
        private Dictionary<string, string> _wordsEndingWithSeDictionary =
            new Dictionary<string, string>()
            {
                {"house", "houses"}, {"case", "cases"}, {"enterprise", "enterprises"}, 
                {"purchase", "purchases"}, {"surprise", "surprises"}, {"release", "releases"}, 
                {"disease", "diseases"}, {"promise", "promises"}, {"refuse", "refuses"}, 
                {"whose", "whoses"}, {"phase", "phases"}, {"noise", "noises"}, 
                {"nurse", "nurses"}, {"rose", "roses"}, {"franchise", "franchises"}, 
                {"supervise", "supervises"}, {"farmhouse", "farmhouses"}, 
                {"suitcase", "suitcases"}, {"recourse", "recourses"}, {"impulse", "impulses"}, 
                {"license", "licenses"}, {"diocese", "dioceses"}, {"excise", "excises"}, 
                {"demise", "demises"}, {"blouse", "blouses"}, 
                {"bruise", "bruises"}, {"misuse", "misuses"}, {"curse", "curses"}, 
                {"prose", "proses"}, {"purse", "purses"}, {"goose", "gooses"}, 
                {"tease", "teases"}, {"poise", "poises"}, {"vase", "vases"}, 
                {"fuse", "fuses"}, {"muse", "muses"}, 
                {"slaughterhouse", "slaughterhouses"}, {"clearinghouse", "clearinghouses"}, 
                {"endonuclease", "endonucleases"}, {"steeplechase", "steeplechases"}, 
                {"metamorphose", "metamorphoses"}, {"----", "----s"}, 
                {"commonsense", "commonsenses"}, {"intersperse", "intersperses"}, 
                {"merchandise", "merchandises"}, {"phosphatase", "phosphatases"}, 
                {"summerhouse", "summerhouses"}, {"watercourse", "watercourses"}, 
                {"catchphrase", "catchphrases"}, {"compromise", "compromises"}, 
                {"greenhouse", "greenhouses"}, {"lighthouse", "lighthouses"}, 
                {"paraphrase", "paraphrases"}, {"mayonnaise", "mayonnaises"}, 
                {"----course", "----courses"}, {"apocalypse", "apocalypses"}, 
                {"courthouse", "courthouses"}, {"powerhouse", "powerhouses"}, 
                {"storehouse", "storehouses"}, {"glasshouse", "glasshouses"}, 
                {"hypotenuse", "hypotenuses"}, {"peroxidase", "peroxidases"}, 
                {"pillowcase", "pillowcases"}, {"roundhouse", "roundhouses"},
                {"streetwise", "streetwises"}, {"expertise", "expertises"}, 
                {"discourse", "discourses"}, {"warehouse", "warehouses"}, 
                {"staircase", "staircases"}, {"workhouse", "workhouses"}, 
                {"briefcase", "briefcases"}, {"clubhouse", "clubhouses"}, 
                {"clockwise", "clockwises"}, {"concourse", "concourses"}, 
                {"playhouse", "playhouses"}, {"turquoise", "turquoises"}, 
                {"boathouse", "boathouses"}, {"cellulose", "celluloses"}, 
                {"epitomise", "epitomises"}, {"gatehouse", "gatehouses"}, 
                {"grandiose", "grandioses"}, {"menopause", "menopauses"}, 
                {"penthouse", "penthouses"}, {"----horse", "----horses"}, 
                {"transpose", "transposes"}, {"almshouse", "almshouses"}, 
                {"customise", "customises"}, {"footloose", "footlooses"}, 
                {"galvanise", "galvanises"}, {"princesse", "princesses"}, 
                {"universe", "universes"}, {"workhorse", "workhorses"}
            };
 
        private Dictionary<string, string> _wordsEndingWithSisDictionary =
            new Dictionary<string, string>()
            {
                {"analysis", "analyses"}, {"crisis", "crises"}, {"basis", "bases"}, 
                {"atherosclerosis", "atheroscleroses"}, {"electrophoresis", "electrophoreses"}, 
                {"psychoanalysis", "psychoanalyses"}, {"photosynthesis", "photosyntheses"}, 
                {"amniocentesis", "amniocenteses"}, {"metamorphosis", "metamorphoses"}, 
                {"toxoplasmosis", "toxoplasmoses"}, {"endometriosis", "endometrioses"}, 
                {"tuberculosis", "tuberculoses"}, {"pathogenesis", "pathogeneses"}, 
                {"osteoporosis", "osteoporoses"}, {"parenthesis", "parentheses"}, 
                {"anastomosis", "anastomoses"}, {"peristalsis", "peristalses"}, 
                {"hypothesis", "hypotheses"}, {"antithesis", "antitheses"}, 
                {"apotheosis", "apotheoses"}, {"thrombosis", "thromboses"}, 
                {"diagnosis", "diagnoses"}, {"synthesis", "syntheses"}, 
                {"paralysis", "paralyses"}, {"prognosis", "prognoses"}, 
                {"cirrhosis", "cirrhoses"}, {"sclerosis", "scleroses"}, 
                {"psychosis", "psychoses"}, {"apoptosis", "apoptoses"}, {"symbiosis", "symbioses"}
            };
 
        private Dictionary<string, string> _wordsEndingWithSusDictionary =
            new Dictionary<string, string>()
            {
                {"consensus","consensuses"}, {"census", "censuses"}
            };
 
        private Dictionary<string, string> _wordsEndingWithInxAnxYnxDictionary =
            new Dictionary<string, string>()
            {
                {"sphinx", "sphinxes"},
                {"larynx", "larynges"}, {"lynx", "lynxes"}, {"pharynx", "pharynxes"},
                {"phalanx", "phalanxes"}
            };
 
        internal EnglishPluralizationService()
        {
            this.Culture = new CultureInfo("en");
 
            this._userDictionary = new BidirectionalDictionary<string, string>();
 
            this._irregularPluralsPluralizationService =
                new StringBidirectionalDictionary(this._irregularPluralsDictionary);
            this._assimilatedClassicalInflectionPluralizationService =
                new StringBidirectionalDictionary(this._assimilatedClassicalInflectionDictionary);
            this._oSuffixPluralizationService =
                new StringBidirectionalDictionary(this._oSuffixDictionary);
            this._classicalInflectionPluralizationService =
                new StringBidirectionalDictionary(this._classicalInflectionDictionary);
            this._wordsEndingWithSePluralizationService =
                new StringBidirectionalDictionary(this._wordsEndingWithSeDictionary);
            this._wordsEndingWithSisPluralizationService =
                new StringBidirectionalDictionary(this._wordsEndingWithSisDictionary);
            this._wordsEndingWithSusPluralizationService =
                new StringBidirectionalDictionary(this._wordsEndingWithSusDictionary);
            this._wordsEndingWithInxAnxYnxPluralizationService =
                new StringBidirectionalDictionary(this._wordsEndingWithInxAnxYnxDictionary);
 
            // verb
            this._irregularVerbPluralizationService =
                new StringBidirectionalDictionary(this._irregularVerbList);
 
            this._knownSingluarWords = new List<string>(
                _irregularPluralsDictionary.Keys
                .Concat(_assimilatedClassicalInflectionDictionary.Keys)
                .Concat(_oSuffixDictionary.Keys)
                .Concat(_classicalInflectionDictionary.Keys)
                .Concat(_irregularVerbList.Keys)
                .Concat(_irregularPluralsDictionary.Keys)
                .Concat(_wordsEndingWithSeDictionary.Keys)
                .Concat(_wordsEndingWithSisDictionary.Keys)
                .Concat(_wordsEndingWithSusDictionary.Keys)
                .Concat(_wordsEndingWithInxAnxYnxDictionary.Keys)
                .Concat(_uninflectiveWordList)
                .Except(this._knownConflictingPluralList)); // see the _knowConflictingPluralList comment above
 
            this._knownPluralWords = new List<string>(
                _irregularPluralsDictionary.Values
                .Concat(_assimilatedClassicalInflectionDictionary.Values)
                .Concat(_oSuffixDictionary.Values)
                .Concat(_classicalInflectionDictionary.Values)
                .Concat(_irregularVerbList.Values)
                .Concat(_irregularPluralsDictionary.Values)
                .Concat(_wordsEndingWithSeDictionary.Values)
                .Concat(_wordsEndingWithSisDictionary.Values)
                .Concat(_wordsEndingWithSusDictionary.Values)
                .Concat(_wordsEndingWithInxAnxYnxDictionary.Values)
                .Concat(_uninflectiveWordList));
        }
 
        public override bool IsPlural(string word)
        {
            EDesignUtil.CheckArgumentNull<string>(word, "word");
 
            if (this._userDictionary.ExistsInSecond(word))
            {
                return true;
            }
            if (this._userDictionary.ExistsInFirst(word))
            {
                return false;
            }
 
            if (this.IsUninflective(word) || this._knownPluralWords.Contains(word.ToLower(this.Culture)))
            {
                return true;
            }
            else if (this.Singularize(word).Equals(word))
            {
                return false;
            }
            else
            {
                return true;
            }
        }
 
        public override bool IsSingular(string word)
        {
            EDesignUtil.CheckArgumentNull<string>(word, "word");
 
            if (this._userDictionary.ExistsInFirst(word))
            {
                return true;
            }
            if (this._userDictionary.ExistsInSecond(word))
            {
                return false;
            }
 
            if (this.IsUninflective(word) || this._knownSingluarWords.Contains(word.ToLower(this.Culture)))
            {
                return true;
            }
            else if (!IsNoOpWord(word) && this.Singularize(word).Equals(word))
            {
                return true;
            }
            else
            {
                return false;
            }
        }
 
        // 
        public override string Pluralize(string word)
        {
            EDesignUtil.CheckArgumentNull<string>(word, "word");
 
            return Capitalize(word, InternalPluralize);
        }
 
        [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Globalization", "CA1308:NormalizeStringsToUppercase")]
        private string InternalPluralize(string word)
        {
            // words that we know of
            if (this._userDictionary.ExistsInFirst(word))
            {
                return this._userDictionary.GetSecondValue(word);
            }
 
            if (IsNoOpWord(word))
            {
                return word;
            }
 
            string prefixWord;
            string suffixWord = GetSuffixWord(word, out prefixWord);
 
            // by me -> by me
            if (IsNoOpWord(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + suffixWord;
            }
 
            // handle the word that do not inflect in the plural form
            if (this.IsUninflective(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + suffixWord;
            }
 
            // if word is one of the known plural forms, then just return
            if (this._knownPluralWords.Contains(suffixWord.ToLowerInvariant()) || this.IsPlural(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + suffixWord;
            }
 
            // handle irregular plurals, e.g. "ox" -> "oxen"
            if (this._irregularPluralsPluralizationService.ExistsInFirst(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + this._irregularPluralsPluralizationService.GetSecondValue(suffixWord);
            }
 
            string newSuffixWord;
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "man" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 2, 2) + "en", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            // handle irregular inflections for common suffixes, e.g. "mouse" -> "mice"
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "louse", "mouse" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 4, 4) + "ice", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "tooth" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 4, 4) + "eeth", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "goose" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 4, 4) + "eese", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "foot" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 3, 3) + "eet", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "zoon" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 3, 3) + "oa", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "cis", "sis", "xis" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 2, 2) + "es", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            // handle assimilated classical inflections, e.g. vertebra -> vertebrae
            if (this._assimilatedClassicalInflectionPluralizationService.ExistsInFirst(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + this._assimilatedClassicalInflectionPluralizationService.GetSecondValue(suffixWord);
            }
 
            // Handle the classical variants of modern inflections
            // 
            if (this._classicalInflectionPluralizationService.ExistsInFirst(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + this._classicalInflectionPluralizationService.GetSecondValue(suffixWord);
            }
 
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "trix" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 1, 1) + "ces", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "eau", "ieu" },
                (s) => s + "x", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            if (this._wordsEndingWithInxAnxYnxPluralizationService.ExistsInFirst(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + this._wordsEndingWithInxAnxYnxPluralizationService.GetSecondValue(suffixWord);
            }
 
            // [cs]h and ss that take es as plural form
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord, new List<string>() { "ch", "sh", "ss" }, (s) => s + "es", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            // f, fe that take ves as plural form
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "alf", "elf", "olf", "eaf", "arf" },
                (s) => s.EndsWith("deaf", true, this.Culture) ? s : s.Remove(s.Length - 1, 1) + "ves", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "nife", "life", "wife" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 2, 2) + "ves", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            // y takes ys as plural form if preceded by a vowel, but ies if preceded by a consonant, e.g. stays, skies
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "ay", "ey", "iy", "oy", "uy" },
                (s) => s + "s", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            // 
 
            if (suffixWord.EndsWith("y", true, this.Culture))
            {
                return prefixWord + suffixWord.Remove(suffixWord.Length - 1, 1) + "ies";
            }
 
            // handle some of the words o -> os, and [vowel]o -> os, and the rest are o->oes
            if (this._oSuffixPluralizationService.ExistsInFirst(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + this._oSuffixPluralizationService.GetSecondValue(suffixWord);
            }
 
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "ao", "eo", "io", "oo", "uo" },
                (s) => s + "s", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            if (suffixWord.EndsWith("o", true, this.Culture) || suffixWord.EndsWith("s", true, this.Culture))
            {
                return prefixWord + suffixWord + "es";
            }
 
            if (suffixWord.EndsWith("x", true, this.Culture))
            {
                return prefixWord + suffixWord + "es";
            }
 
            // cats, bags, hats, speakers
            return prefixWord + suffixWord + "s";
        }
 
        public override string Singularize(string word)
        {
            EDesignUtil.CheckArgumentNull<string>(word, "word");
 
            return Capitalize(word, InternalSingularize);
        }
 
        [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Globalization", "CA1308:NormalizeStringsToUppercase")]
        private string InternalSingularize(string word)
        {
            // words that we know of
            if (this._userDictionary.ExistsInSecond(word))
            {
                return this._userDictionary.GetFirstValue(word);
            }
 
            if (IsNoOpWord(word))
            {
                return word;
            }
 
            string prefixWord;
            string suffixWord = GetSuffixWord(word, out prefixWord);
 
            if (IsNoOpWord(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + suffixWord;
            }
 
            // handle the word that is the same as the plural form
            if (this.IsUninflective(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + suffixWord;
            }
 
            // if word is one of the known singular words, then just return
 
            if (this._knownSingluarWords.Contains(suffixWord.ToLowerInvariant()))
            {
                return prefixWord + suffixWord;
            }
 
            // handle simple irregular verbs, e.g. was -> were
            if (this._irregularVerbPluralizationService.ExistsInSecond(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + this._irregularVerbPluralizationService.GetFirstValue(suffixWord);
            }
 
            // handle irregular plurals, e.g. "ox" -> "oxen"
            if (this._irregularPluralsPluralizationService.ExistsInSecond(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + this._irregularPluralsPluralizationService.GetFirstValue(suffixWord);
            }
 
            // handle singluarization for words ending with sis and pluralized to ses, 
            // e.g. "ses" -> "sis"
            if (this._wordsEndingWithSisPluralizationService.ExistsInSecond(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + this._wordsEndingWithSisPluralizationService.GetFirstValue(suffixWord);
            }
 
            // handle words ending with se, e.g. "ses" -> "se"
            if (this._wordsEndingWithSePluralizationService.ExistsInSecond(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + this._wordsEndingWithSePluralizationService.GetFirstValue(suffixWord);
            }
 
            // handle words ending with sus, e.g. "suses" -> "sus"
            if (this._wordsEndingWithSusPluralizationService.ExistsInSecond(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + this._wordsEndingWithSusPluralizationService.GetFirstValue(suffixWord);
            }
 
            string newSuffixWord;
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "men" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 2, 2) + "an", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            // handle irregular inflections for common suffixes, e.g. "mouse" -> "mice"
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "lice", "mice" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 3, 3) + "ouse", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "teeth" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 4, 4) + "ooth", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "geese" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 4, 4) + "oose", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "feet" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 3, 3) + "oot", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "zoa" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 2, 2) + "oon", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            // [cs]h and ss that take es as plural form, this is being moved up since the sses will be override by the ses
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "ches", "shes", "sses" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 2, 2), this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
 
            // handle assimilated classical inflections, e.g. vertebra -> vertebrae
            if (this._assimilatedClassicalInflectionPluralizationService.ExistsInSecond(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + this._assimilatedClassicalInflectionPluralizationService.GetFirstValue(suffixWord);
            }
 
            // Handle the classical variants of modern inflections
            // 
            if (this._classicalInflectionPluralizationService.ExistsInSecond(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + this._classicalInflectionPluralizationService.GetFirstValue(suffixWord);
            }
 
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "trices" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 3, 3) + "x", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "eaux", "ieux" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 1, 1), this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            if (this._wordsEndingWithInxAnxYnxPluralizationService.ExistsInSecond(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + this._wordsEndingWithInxAnxYnxPluralizationService.GetFirstValue(suffixWord);
            }
 
            // f, fe that take ves as plural form
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "alves", "elves", "olves", "eaves", "arves" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 3, 3) + "f", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "nives", "lives", "wives" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 3, 3) + "fe", this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            // y takes ys as plural form if preceded by a vowel, but ies if preceded by a consonant, e.g. stays, skies
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "ays", "eys", "iys", "oys", "uys" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 1, 1), this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            // 
 
            if (suffixWord.EndsWith("ies", true, this.Culture))
            {
                return prefixWord + suffixWord.Remove(suffixWord.Length - 3, 3) + "y";
            }
 
            // handle some of the words o -> os, and [vowel]o -> os, and the rest are o->oes
            if (this._oSuffixPluralizationService.ExistsInSecond(suffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + this._oSuffixPluralizationService.GetFirstValue(suffixWord);
            }
 
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "aos", "eos", "ios", "oos", "uos" },
                (s) => suffixWord.Remove(suffixWord.Length - 1, 1), this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            // 
 
 
 
 
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "ces" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 1, 1), this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.TryInflectOnSuffixInWord(suffixWord,
                new List<string>() { "ces", "ses", "xes" },
                (s) => s.Remove(s.Length - 2, 2), this.Culture, out newSuffixWord))
            {
                return prefixWord + newSuffixWord;
            }
 
            if (suffixWord.EndsWith("oes", true, this.Culture))
            {
                return prefixWord + suffixWord.Remove(suffixWord.Length - 2, 2);
            }
 
            if (suffixWord.EndsWith("ss", true, this.Culture))
            {
                return prefixWord + suffixWord;
            }
 
            if (suffixWord.EndsWith("s", true, this.Culture))
            {
                return prefixWord + suffixWord.Remove(suffixWord.Length - 1, 1);
            }
 
            // word is a singlar
            return prefixWord + suffixWord;
        }
 
        #region Utils
        /// <summary>
        /// captalize the return word if the parameter is capitalized
        /// if word is "Table", then return "Tables"
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="word"></param>
        /// <param name="action"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private string Capitalize(string word, Func<string, string> action)
        {
            string result = action(word);
 
            if (IsCapitalized(word))
            {
                if (result.Length == 0)
                    return result;
 
                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(result.Length);
 
                sb.Append(char.ToUpperInvariant(result[0]));
                sb.Append(result.Substring(1));
                return sb.ToString();
            }
            else
            {
                return result;
            }
        }
 
        /// <summary>
        /// separate one combine word in to two parts, prefix word and the last word(suffix word)
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="word"></param>
        /// <param name="prefixWord"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private string GetSuffixWord(string word, out string prefixWord)
        {
            // use the last space to separate the words
            int lastSpaceIndex = word.LastIndexOf(' ');
            prefixWord = word.Substring(0, lastSpaceIndex + 1);
            return word.Substring(lastSpaceIndex + 1);
 
            // 
        }
 
        private bool IsCapitalized(string word)
        {
            return string.IsNullOrEmpty(word) ? false : char.IsUpper(word, 0);
        }
 
        private bool IsAlphabets(string word)
        {
            // return false when the word is "[\s]*" or leading or tailing with spaces
            // or contains non alphabetical characters
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(word.Trim()) || !word.Equals(word.Trim()) ||
                Regex.IsMatch(word, "[^a-zA-Z\\s]"))
            {
                return false;
            }
            else
            {
                return true;
            }
        }
 
        [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Globalization", "CA1308:NormalizeStringsToUppercase")]
        private bool IsUninflective(string word)
        {
            EDesignUtil.CheckArgumentNull<string>(word, "word");
            if (PluralizationServiceUtil.DoesWordContainSuffix(word, _uninflectiveSuffixList, this.Culture)
                           || (!word.ToLower(this.Culture).Equals(word) && word.EndsWith("ese", false, this.Culture))
                           || this._uninflectiveWordList.Contains(word.ToLowerInvariant()))
            {
                return true;
            }
            else
            {
                return false;
            }
        }
 
        /// <summary>
        /// return true when the word is "[\s]*" or leading or tailing with spaces
        /// or contains non alphabetical characters
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="word"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Globalization", "CA1308:NormalizeStringsToUppercase")]
        private bool IsNoOpWord(string word)
        {
 
            if (!IsAlphabets(word) ||
                word.Length <= 1 ||
                _pronounList.Contains(word.ToLowerInvariant()))
            {
                return true;
            }
            else
            {
                return false;
            }
        }
 
        #endregion
 
        #region ICustomPluralizationMapping Members
 
        /// <summary>
        /// This method allow you to add word to internal PluralizationService of English.
        /// If the singluar or the plural value was already added by this method, then an ArgumentException will be thrown.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="singular"></param>
        /// <param name="plural"></param>
        public void AddWord(string singular, string plural)
        {
            EDesignUtil.CheckArgumentNull<string>(singular, "singular");
            EDesignUtil.CheckArgumentNull<string>(plural, "plural");
 
            if (this._userDictionary.ExistsInSecond(plural))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(Strings.DuplicateEntryInUserDictionary("plural", plural), "plural");
            }
            else if (this._userDictionary.ExistsInFirst(singular))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(Strings.DuplicateEntryInUserDictionary("singular", singular), "singular");
            }
            else
            {
                this._userDictionary.AddValue(singular, plural);
            }
        }
 
        #endregion
    }
}